{"id":7,"date":"2021-12-07T11:16:26","date_gmt":"2021-12-07T11:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2024-09-18T17:04:41","modified_gmt":"2024-09-18T17:04:41","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/","title":{"rendered":"HOME"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbHeader Section\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb background_position=\u00bbbottom_center\u00bb background_blend=\u00bbmultiply\u00bb background_video_mp4=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/CURT-MAH05525-BN-baixa2.mp4&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb top_divider_color=\u00bb#8f8f8f\u00bb top_divider_height=\u00bb33px\u00bb bottom_divider_color=\u00bb#E02B20&#8243; 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custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbText ti\u00edtol\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbTypesketchbook &#8211; 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Charlie Hebdo. Brussels. Berlin.<br \/>Nice. Barcelona. Manchester. Kongsberg.<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>W<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93hen terror strikes, the feeling is like the one of holding breath under water. Surreal, and deafening silence overtakes all our senses. We are both present and absent in the moment, seeing but not believing, not having full consciousness of our own senses. The time stands still. Victims and their beloved ones know this very well. Anxiety and fear can strike and hurt as hard as a physical wound. We are worried for our loved ones, for their and our own personal safety.  Such traumatic incidents shatter, otherwise \u201cnormal\u201d, sequences of events of our daily lives producing visible and invisible wounds immune to the passing of time.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Terrorist attacks have marked our daily lives and shaped our collective memories making us indirect recipients of violence that societies, victims, survivors, and their loved ones have suffered. This exhibition walks us through the memory lane, to document political, societal, and personal reactions to terrorist attacks. The author of the exhibition, Dr Ana Milosevic has travelled to France, Spain, Belgium, and Norway to investigate the ways in which local, national and EU authorities have addressed memorialisation after terrorism. The key questions underpinning her research were: In what ways memorials and memorialisation support personal and societal recovery after a terrorist attack? Do the victims and\/or their relatives have a voice in the memorialisation process? What role will these memorials play for future generations?<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>W<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93hen terror strikes, the feeling is like the one of holding breath under water. Surreal, and deafening silence overtakes all our senses. We are both present and absent in the moment, seeing but not believing, not having full consciousness of our own senses. The time stands still. Victims and their beloved ones know this very well. Anxiety and fear can strike and hurt as hard as a physical wound. We are worried for our loved ones, for their and our own personal safety.  Such traumatic incidents shatter, otherwise \u201cnormal\u201d, sequences of events of our daily lives producing visible and invisible wounds immune to the passing of time.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Terrorist attacks have marked our daily lives and shaped our collective memories making us indirect recipients of violence that societies, victims, survivors, and their loved ones have suffered. This exhibition walks us through the memory lane, to document political, societal, and personal reactions to terrorist attacks. The author of the exhibition, Dr Ana Milosevic has travelled to France, Spain, Belgium, and Norway to investigate the ways in which local, national and EU authorities have addressed memorialisation after terrorism. The key questions underpinning her research were: In what ways memorials and memorialisation support personal and societal recovery after a terrorist attack? Do the victims and\/or their relatives have a voice in the memorialisation process? 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Surreal, and deafening silence overtakes all our senses. We are both present and absent in the moment, seeing but not believing, not having full consciousness of our own senses. The time stands still. Victims and their beloved ones know this very well. Anxiety and fear can strike and hurt as hard as a physical wound. We are worried for our loved ones, for their and our own personal safety.\u00a0 Such traumatic incidents shatter, otherwise \u201cnormal\u201d, sequences of events of our daily lives producing visible and invisible wounds immune to the passing of time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Terrorist attacks have marked our daily lives and shaped our collective memories making us indirect recipients of violence that societies, victims, survivors, and their loved ones have suffered. This exhibition walks us through the memory lane, to document political, societal, and personal reactions to terrorist attacks. The author of the exhibition, Dr Ana Milosevic has travelled to France, Spain, Belgium, and Norway to investigate the ways in which local, national and EU authorities have addressed memorialisation after terrorism. The key questions underpinning her research were: In what ways memorials and memorialisation support personal and societal recovery after a terrorist attack? Do the victims and\/or their relatives have a voice in the memorialisation process? What role will these memorials play for future generations?<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; admin_label=\u00bbselector moduls 2011&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb background_color_gradient_direction=\u00bb90deg\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbBest Beans Row\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; width=\u00bb95%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|true\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb30px|40%|100px|40%|false|true\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb|20%||20%|true|true\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb30px|10%|100px|10%|false|true\u00bb make_fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb background_image=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/1.jpg\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb background_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb background_image_tablet=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/01\/Dark-waters-of-Utoya-BN-01.jpg\u00bb background_enable_image_tablet=\u00bbon\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; box_shadow_color=\u00bb#000000&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_code _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->jQuery(document).ready(function() {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->\/\/ ocultar el contenido<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->jQuery('#mostrar').hide();<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->jQuery('.botoncillo').click(function(e){<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->e.preventDefault();jQuery(\"#mostrar\").slideToggle();<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->jQuery('.botoncillo').toggleClass('opened closed');<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->});<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->});<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/script>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_cta button_url=\u00bb#\u00bb content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>The 2011 <\/strong><\/h1>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Norway attacks<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>The 2011 <\/strong><\/h1>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Norway attacks<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; 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Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which 77 people were killed.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway. The bomb was placed inside a van next to the tower block housing the office of the then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve severely.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island Ut\u00f8ya in Tyrifjorden. The camp was organized by the AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification, took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 67 and injuring 32.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>On the morning of 22 July Anders Behring Breivik committed two sequential domestic terrorist attacks against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers&#8217; Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which 77 people were killed.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway. The bomb was placed inside a van next to the tower block housing the office of the then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve severely.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island Ut\u00f8ya in Tyrifjorden. The camp was organized by the AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification, took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 67 and injuring 32.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3>On the morning of 22 July Anders Behring Breivik committed two sequential domestic terrorist attacks against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers&#8217; Youth League (AUF) summer camp, in which 77 people were killed.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first attack was a car bomb explosion in Oslo within Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Norway. The bomb was placed inside a van next to the tower block housing the office of the then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve severely.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island Ut\u00f8ya in Tyrifjorden. The camp was organized by the AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification, took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 67 and injuring 32.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Dark-waters-of-Utoya.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbDark waters of Utoya\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||100px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cDark waters of Ut\u00f8ya\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; The view from the national memorial currently under construction. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_cta button_url=\u00bb#\u00bb content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; 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content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h1><strong>The 2015 <\/strong><\/h1>\n<h1><strong>Paris attacks<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>The 2015 <\/strong><\/h1>\n<h1 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Paris attacks<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; header_level=\u00bbh1&#8243; header_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb body_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700||on|||||\u00bb body_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb background_image=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/BataclanBN.jpg\u00bb custom_button=\u00bbon\u00bb button_text_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb button_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb button_bg_color=\u00bbRGBA(0,0,0,0)\u00bb button_border_width=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_border_radius=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb button_use_icon=\u00bboff\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb button_custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|||-15px|false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb width=\u00bb100%\u00bb min_height=\u00bb100%\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb-2.6%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb-16%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb-18%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb80px||||false|false\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbfade\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb body_text_align_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb body_text_align_phone=\u00bbcenter\u00bb body_text_align_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb background_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb background_enable_image_tablet=\u00bboff\u00bb button_text_size_tablet=\u00bb29px\u00bb button_text_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb button_text_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb button_alignment_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_alignment_phone=\u00bbright\u00bb button_alignment_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb filter_opacity_tablet=\u00bb0%\u00bb filter_opacity_phone=\u00bb0%\u00bb filter_opacity_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; 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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks planned in Syria and organised by a terrorist cell based in Belgium.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The attackers killed 130 people, including 90 at the Bataclan theatre. Another 416 people were injured, almost 100 critically. Seven of the attackers were also killed. The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War, and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings of 2004. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo offices and a Jewish supermarket in Paris that killed 17 people.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>On 13 November, a series of attacks have struck the French capital in Saint Denis stadium, local bars, and restaurants as well as in the Bataclan theatre. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks planned in Syria and organised by a terrorist cell based in Belgium.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The attackers killed 130 people, including 90 at the Bataclan theatre. Another 416 people were injured, almost 100 critically. Seven of the attackers were also killed. The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War, and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings of 2004. 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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks planned in Syria and organised by a terrorist cell based in Belgium.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The attackers killed 130 people, including 90 at the Bataclan theatre. Another 416 people were injured, almost 100 critically. Seven of the attackers were also killed. The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War, and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings of 2004. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks on Charlie Hebdo offices and a Jewish supermarket in Paris that killed 17 people.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Bataclan.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbBataclan\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||100px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cBataclan\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Rebuilt entrance to the Bataclan theatre, Paris. 2020.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_cta button_url=\u00bb#\u00bb content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo2&#8243; 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Three coordinated suicide bombings occurred: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station on the Brussels metro. Thirty-two civilians and three perpetrators were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The perpetrators belonged to a terrorist cell which had been involved in the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Brussels bombings happened shortly after a series of police raids targeting the group. The bombings were the deadliest attack on Belgium since the Second World War.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>The 2016 Brussels bombings was a coordinated terrorist attack in Brussels, Belgium on March 22nd. Three coordinated suicide bombings occurred: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station on the Brussels metro. Thirty-two civilians and three perpetrators were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The perpetrators belonged to a terrorist cell which had been involved in the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Brussels bombings happened shortly after a series of police raids targeting the group. The bombings were the deadliest attack on Belgium since the Second World War.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3>The 2016 Brussels bombings was a coordinated terrorist attack in Brussels, Belgium on March 22nd. Three coordinated suicide bombings occurred: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station on the Brussels metro. Thirty-two civilians and three perpetrators were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The perpetrators belonged to a terrorist cell which had been involved in the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Brussels bombings happened shortly after a series of police raids targeting the group. The bombings were the deadliest attack on Belgium since the Second World War.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/TogetherCORRECT.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbTogetherCORRECT\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||100px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cTogether\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Memory wall at the Maalbeek metro station. Brussels. 2018.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_cta button_url=\u00bb#\u00bb content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo3&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; header_level=\u00bbh1&#8243; header_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb body_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700||on|||||\u00bb body_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb body_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb custom_button=\u00bbon\u00bb button_text_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb button_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb button_bg_color=\u00bbRGBA(0,0,0,0)\u00bb button_border_width=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_border_radius=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb button_use_icon=\u00bboff\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb button_custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|||-15px|false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb-35px||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|||-50px|false|false\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px||||false|false\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbfade\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb body_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb body_font_size_phone=\u00bb13px\u00bb body_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb button_text_size_tablet=\u00bb29px\u00bb button_text_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb button_text_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb button_alignment_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_alignment_phone=\u00bbright\u00bb button_alignment_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb filter_opacity__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|hover\u00bb filter_opacity__hover=\u00bb100%\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p><strong>(close window)<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; 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content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; header_level=\u00bbh1&#8243; header_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb header_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb body_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700||on|||||\u00bb body_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb background_image=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Miro-ring-CORRECTBN2.jpg\u00bb custom_button=\u00bbon\u00bb button_text_size=\u00bb40px\u00bb button_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb button_bg_color=\u00bbRGBA(0,0,0,0)\u00bb button_border_width=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_border_radius=\u00bb0px\u00bb button_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700|||||||\u00bb button_use_icon=\u00bboff\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb button_custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|||-15px|false|false\u00bb button_custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb width=\u00bb100%\u00bb min_height=\u00bb100%\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb-2.6%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb-16%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb-18%||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb80px||||false|false\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbfade\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb button_text_size_tablet=\u00bb29px\u00bb button_text_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb button_text_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb button_alignment_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb button_alignment_phone=\u00bbright\u00bb button_alignment_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb filter_opacity_tablet=\u00bb0%\u00bb filter_opacity_phone=\u00bb0%\u00bb filter_opacity_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; 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Abouyaaqoub fled the attack on foot, then killed another person in order to steal the victim&#8217;s car to make his escape.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Nine hours after the Barcelona attack, five men thought to be members of the same terrorist cell drove into pedestrians in nearby Cambrils, killing one woman and injuring six others. All five of those attackers were shot and killed by police.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>On the afternoon of 17 August 2017, 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drove a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others, one of whom died 10 days later on 27 August. Abouyaaqoub fled the attack on foot, then killed another person in order to steal the victim&#8217;s car to make his escape.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Nine hours after the Barcelona attack, five men thought to be members of the same terrorist cell drove into pedestrians in nearby Cambrils, killing one woman and injuring six others. All five of those attackers were shot and killed by police.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3>On the afternoon of 17 August 2017, 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drove a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others, one of whom died 10 days later on 27 August. Abouyaaqoub fled the attack on foot, then killed another person in order to steal the victim&#8217;s car to make his escape.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nine hours after the Barcelona attack, five men thought to be members of the same terrorist cell drove into pedestrians in nearby Cambrils, killing one woman and injuring six others. All five of those attackers were shot and killed by police.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Miro-ring-CORRECT.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbMiro ring CORRECT\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||100px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cPla de l&#8217;Os\u00bb (by Joan Mir\u00f3)<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A place where the van used in the Rambla attacks stopped. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barcelona. 2021.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_cta button_url=\u00bb#\u00bb content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>(close window)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_class=\u00bbbotoncillo4&#8243; 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custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbREMMEMBER TERRORISM\u00bb module_id=\u00bbSEC2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb100px||0px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb30px||||false|false\u00bb top_divider_height=\u00bb36px\u00bb top_divider_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_phone=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; 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This includes both the community upon which a harm was inflicted (victims, survivors, and their family members, broader public) and the use of remembrance by institutional actors (e.g., states, the EU, political parties, museums, archives). The intended purposes and produced effects of memorialisation are manifold, and dependent on the constellation of actors that initiate, guide and implement the process, as well as reap its results.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Grassroot memorials created in the aftermath of the attacks at the places of tragedy or at important public spaces are initiated and managed by the society. Using remembrance tools, the society itself becomes affective and empathetic community that uses remembrance therapeutically \u2013 to cope with the state of shock and channel a wide variety of emotions such as sadness, anger, grief. Such memorials have a rather short life cycle and can be reenacted annually for the anniversaries when the official memorialisation \u2013 led by the authorities \u2013 overtakes the remembrance process.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Organised and implemented by local, national or EU authorities the official memorialisation takes many forms. Governmental responses in the aftermath of the tragedy frame the narrative about what had happened offering reassurances of security and justice to the society who too fell victim of the attacks. In a later stage, annual commemorations are organised, and permanent monuments made. In this view, the aim with memorialisation is manifold: it pursues restorative justice efforts for the victims and it inscribes a particular narrative of the occurred in collective memory. For instance, in Spain and France, medals are given to the victims as a token of symbolic recognition. Similarly, national and local heritage institutions are given the opportunity to inscribe the meanings attached to such tragedies in the collective consciousness of the society. The Paris and Brussels case evidence this most prominently, where the Archives conducted important work on collecting and exhibiting memorabilia placed in the memory of the victims at the places of spontaneous memorials.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Memorialisation efforts often serve the needs of specific groups, which makes them a useful mechanism for rebuilding personal, political, legal, or social fabric, for providing promises of security (through preventing repetition), or supporting specific policies such as the anti-radicalisation. This suggests that the success of memorialisation efforts is often evaluated on little more than \u2018client satisfaction\u2019; a compromise between the mapped-out needs of the (in)direct beneficiaries of that particular memorialisation effort, and the purposes assigned to it by \u2018memory entrepreneurs\u2019, those who in addition to having decision-making powers are responsible for the creation and reinterpretation of memory policies.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>A<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93 wide variety of stakeholders participate in the memorialisation initiatives to commemorate terror attacks. This includes both the community upon which a harm was inflicted (victims, survivors, and their family members, broader public) and the use of remembrance by institutional actors (e.g., states, the EU, political parties, museums, archives). The intended purposes and produced effects of memorialisation are manifold, and dependent on the constellation of actors that initiate, guide and implement the process, as well as reap its results.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Grassroot memorials created in the aftermath of the attacks at the places of tragedy or at important public spaces are initiated and managed by the society. Using remembrance tools, the society itself becomes affective and empathetic community that uses remembrance therapeutically \u2013 to cope with the state of shock and channel a wide variety of emotions such as sadness, anger, grief. Such memorials have a rather short life cycle and can be reenacted annually for the anniversaries when the official memorialisation \u2013 led by the authorities \u2013 overtakes the remembrance process.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Organised and implemented by local, national or EU authorities the official memorialisation takes many forms. Governmental responses in the aftermath of the tragedy frame the narrative about what had happened offering reassurances of security and justice to the society who too fell victim of the attacks. In a later stage, annual commemorations are organised, and permanent monuments made. In this view, the aim with memorialisation is manifold: it pursues restorative justice efforts for the victims and it inscribes a particular narrative of the occurred in collective memory. For instance, in Spain and France, medals are given to the victims as a token of symbolic recognition. Similarly, national and local heritage institutions are given the opportunity to inscribe the meanings attached to such tragedies in the collective consciousness of the society. The Paris and Brussels case evidence this most prominently, where the Archives conducted important work on collecting and exhibiting memorabilia placed in the memory of the victims at the places of spontaneous memorials.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Memorialisation efforts often serve the needs of specific groups, which makes them a useful mechanism for rebuilding personal, political, legal, or social fabric, for providing promises of security (through preventing repetition), or supporting specific policies such as the anti-radicalisation. This suggests that the success of memorialisation efforts is often evaluated on little more than \u2018client satisfaction\u2019; a compromise between the mapped-out needs of the (in)direct beneficiaries of that particular memorialisation effort, and the purposes assigned to it by \u2018memory entrepreneurs\u2019, those who in addition to having decision-making powers are responsible for the creation and reinterpretation of memory policies.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class='et-dropcap'><strong>A<\/strong><\/span> wide variety of stakeholders participate in the memorialisation initiatives to commemorate terror attacks. This includes both the community upon which a harm was inflicted (victims, survivors, and their family members, broader public) and the use of remembrance by institutional actors (e.g., states, the EU, political parties, museums, archives). The intended purposes and produced effects of memorialisation are manifold, and dependent on the constellation of actors that initiate, guide and implement the process, as well as reap its results.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Grassroot memorials created in the aftermath of the attacks at the places of tragedy or at important public spaces are initiated and managed by the society. Using remembrance tools, the society itself becomes affective and empathetic community that uses remembrance therapeutically \u2013 to cope with the state of shock and channel a wide variety of emotions such as sadness, anger, grief. Such memorials have a rather short life cycle and can be reenacted annually for the anniversaries when the official memorialisation \u2013 led by the authorities \u2013 overtakes the remembrance process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Organised and implemented by local, national or EU authorities the official memorialisation takes many forms. Governmental responses in the aftermath of the tragedy frame the narrative about what had happened offering reassurances of security and justice to the society who too fell victim of the attacks. In a later stage, annual commemorations are organised, and permanent monuments made. In this view, the aim with memorialisation is manifold: it pursues restorative justice efforts for the victims and it inscribes a particular narrative of the occurred in collective memory. For instance, in Spain and France, medals are given to the victims as a token of symbolic recognition. Similarly, national and local heritage institutions are given the opportunity to inscribe the meanings attached to such tragedies in the collective consciousness of the society. The Paris and Brussels case evidence this most prominently, where the Archives conducted important work on collecting and exhibiting memorabilia placed in the memory of the victims at the places of spontaneous memorials.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Memorialisation efforts often serve the needs of specific groups, which makes them a useful mechanism for rebuilding personal, political, legal, or social fabric, for providing promises of security (through preventing repetition), or supporting specific policies such as the anti-radicalisation. This suggests that the success of memorialisation efforts is often evaluated on little more than \u2018client satisfaction\u2019; a compromise between the mapped-out needs of the (in)direct beneficiaries of that particular memorialisation effort, and the purposes assigned to it by \u2018memory entrepreneurs\u2019, those who in addition to having decision-making powers are responsible for the creation and reinterpretation of memory policies.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/All-I-want-this-Christmas.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbAll I want this Christmas\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cAll I want this Christmas\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Grassroots\u2019 memorial at the place de la Republique, Paris. 2020.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Charb-y.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbCharb-y\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cCharb-y\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Street art memorial in memory of one of the Charlie Hebdo victims, Paris. 2018.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/In-memoriam.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbIn memoriam\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cIn memoriam\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Local residents of Etterbeek placing a memory token in front of the Maalbeek metro, bombed in 2016. Brussels. 2016.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/LUomo-della-Luce.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbL&#8217;Uomo della Luce\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u00abL&#8217;Uomo della Luce\u00bb <\/strong><\/span>&#8211; The 9\/11 memorial in Milan, Italy. 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbLESSONS LEARNED\u00bb module_id=\u00bbSEC3&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb100px||0px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb30px||||false|false\u00bb top_divider_height=\u00bb36px\u00bb top_divider_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_phone=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbText ti\u00edtol\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbTypesketchbook &#8211; GroldSlim-Black|||on|||||\u00bb header_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbSharpGrotesk-SemiBold10||||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb90px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb8px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb70px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700||||on|||\u00bb header_4_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#74a584&#8243; header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbslide\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb animation_intensity_slide=\u00bb3%\u00bb animation_starting_opacity=\u00bb88%\u00bb animation_speed_curve=\u00bbease\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb70px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb45px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_text_align_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_text_align_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_text_align_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb54px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb-2px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<div title=\"Page 1\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lessons learned<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>G<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93iven the understandable lack of expertise in addressing the consequences of mass violence in modern urban space, most of the governmental and local authorities\u2019 responses in terms of memorialisation were made ad-hoc. Such memorialisation strategies are based on examples of \u201cbest\u201d practices \u2013  solutions already chosen by other cities and countries that went through similar experiences. These \u201cbest\u201d practices relate to the ways in which official ceremonies are organized, speakers selected, and monuments created for the first anniversary. While each case under examination has its own specificities, some common challenges in four cities (Barcelona, Oslo, Brussels and Paris) have emerged during the course of this research.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>G<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93iven the understandable lack of expertise in addressing the consequences of mass violence in modern urban space, most of the governmental and local authorities\u2019 responses in terms of memorialisation were made ad-hoc. Such memorialisation strategies are based on examples of \u201cbest\u201d practices \u2013  solutions already chosen by other cities and countries that went through similar experiences. These \u201cbest\u201d practices relate to the ways in which official ceremonies are organized, speakers selected, and monuments created for the first anniversary. While each case under examination has its own specificities, some common challenges in four cities (Barcelona, Oslo, Brussels and Paris) have emerged during the course of this research.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class='et-dropcap'><strong>G<\/strong><\/span>iven the understandable lack of expertise in addressing the consequences of mass violence in modern urban space, most of the governmental and local authorities\u2019 responses in terms of memorialisation were made ad-hoc. Such memorialisation strategies are based on examples of \u201cbest\u201d practices \u2013\u00a0 solutions already chosen by other cities and countries that went through similar experiences. These \u201cbest\u201d practices relate to the ways in which official ceremonies are organized, speakers selected, and monuments created for the first anniversary. While each case under examination has its own specificities, some common challenges in four cities (Barcelona, Oslo, Brussels and Paris) have emerged during the course of this research.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/White-copia.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbWhite copia\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cWhite\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Candles at the City Square. Kongsberg. 2021.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Boxing-Day.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbBoxing Day\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cBoxing day\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Memorabilia collected by the Brussels\u2019 archives in the aftermath of the 2016 attacks. 2017.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Say-my-name.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbSay my name\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cSay my name\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; State memorial to the victims of Oslo and Ut\u00f8ya at the Government Quarter. Oslo. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Time sensitive memorialisation strategies<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Societal and personal paths to recovery and coping with the consequences of terrorism travel on different timelines.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The rush to resume \u2018normal\u2019 rhythms of life in a wounded city does not allow for timely sedimentation of emotion, trauma and memories in the public space. One-off monuments, created usually for the first anniversary, differ from their spontaneous counterparts that occupied public space in the aftermath of the attacks. The victims and local citizens perceive such permanent monuments as static and not reflective of the emotional impact trauma has produced on society.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>While the public recognition and acknowledgment of victims\u2019 experiences remains important, anniversaries bring out a wealth of emotions in victims, survivors and those who are left behind. Especially for the first anniversary, returning to the place of crime can stir up such emotions and set back the victims\u2019 progress in their path of recovery.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Time sensitive memorialisation strategies<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>Societal and personal paths to recovery and coping with the consequences of terrorism travel on different timelines.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The rush to resume \u2018normal\u2019 rhythms of life in a wounded city does not allow for timely sedimentation of emotion, trauma and memories in the public space. One-off monuments, created usually for the first anniversary, differ from their spontaneous counterparts that occupied public space in the aftermath of the attacks. The victims and local citizens perceive such permanent monuments as static and not reflective of the emotional impact trauma has produced on society.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>While the public recognition and acknowledgment of victims\u2019 experiences remains important, anniversaries bring out a wealth of emotions in victims, survivors and those who are left behind. Especially for the first anniversary, returning to the place of crime can stir up such emotions and set back the victims\u2019 progress in their path of recovery.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Time sensitive memorialisation strategies<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Societal and personal paths to recovery and coping with the consequences of terrorism travel on different timelines.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rush to resume \u2018normal\u2019 rhythms of life in a wounded city does not allow for timely sedimentation of emotion, trauma and memories in the public space. One-off monuments, created usually for the first anniversary, differ from their spontaneous counterparts that occupied public space in the aftermath of the attacks. The victims and local citizens perceive such permanent monuments as static and not reflective of the emotional impact trauma has produced on society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While the public recognition and acknowledgment of victims\u2019 experiences remains important, anniversaries bring out a wealth of emotions in victims, survivors and those who are left behind. Especially for the first anniversary, returning to the place of crime can stir up such emotions and set back the victims\u2019 progress in their path of recovery.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Patrie-correct.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbPatrie correct\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cPatrie\u201d<\/strong> <\/span>&#8211; Place de la Republique after the 2015 attacks. Paris. 2015.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Memory-in-a-backpack.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbMemory in a backpack\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cMemory in a backpack\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Anonymous visitor of a commemoration. 2020.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Immortalize-me.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbImmortalize me\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cImmortalize me\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Visitors take \u2018souvenir\u2019 pictures moments before the Bataclan commemoration, Paris. 2019.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Memorialisation mindful<br \/><\/strong><strong>of victims\u2019 memorial needs<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Symbolic recognition of victims appears to be more effective when the ownership of one\u2019s own personal experiences, narratives, and endured consequences is maintained.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>The community bound by victimhood \u2013 victims, survivors, and their family members \u2013 often reject or contest memorial meanings and purposes assigned to the official memorialisation. Across cases, victims are often excluded from commemoration planning. The role the authorities reserve for them is one of bearing witness \u2013 as their authentic experiences support security, prevention and non-repetition promises and, in some cases, legal and political actions. As such, their experiences are appropriated by the collective leaving their memorial needs unattended. A meaningful monument in victims\u2019 view has the capacity to communicate their experiences while considering their dignity and well-being.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Memorialisation mindful<br \/><\/strong><strong>of victims\u2019 memorial needs<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>Symbolic recognition of victims appears to be more effective when the ownership of one\u2019s own personal experiences, narratives, and endured consequences is maintained.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>The community bound by victimhood \u2013 victims, survivors, and their family members \u2013 often reject or contest memorial meanings and purposes assigned to the official memorialisation. Across cases, victims are often excluded from commemoration planning. The role the authorities reserve for them is one of bearing witness \u2013 as their authentic experiences support security, prevention and non-repetition promises and, in some cases, legal and political actions. As such, their experiences are appropriated by the collective leaving their memorial needs unattended. A meaningful monument in victims\u2019 view has the capacity to communicate their experiences while considering their dignity and well-being.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Memorialisation mindful<br \/><\/strong><strong>of victims\u2019 memorial needs<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Symbolic recognition of victims appears to be more effective when the ownership of one\u2019s own personal experiences, narratives, and endured consequences is maintained.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The community bound by victimhood \u2013 victims, survivors, and their family members \u2013 often reject or contest memorial meanings and purposes assigned to the official memorialisation. Across cases, victims are often excluded from commemoration planning. The role the authorities reserve for them is one of bearing witness \u2013 as their authentic experiences support security, prevention and non-repetition promises and, in some cases, legal and political actions. As such, their experiences are appropriated by the collective leaving their memorial needs unattended. A meaningful monument in victims\u2019 view has the capacity to communicate their experiences while considering their dignity and well-being.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Flotting.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbFlotting\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cFloating\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Private memorial to the victims at Ut\u00f8ya Island. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Cornerned.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbCornerned\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cCornered\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Private memorial at the place of murder on the Ut\u00f8ya island. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/The-Olive-branch.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbThe Olive branch\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cThe olive branch\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Visitors\u2019 messages at the 2019 commemoration of the Paris attacks. Paris. 2019.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Enhancing citizens participation in memorialisation efforts<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>A successful memorialisation strategy is not only time-sensitive and respectful of victims\u2019 memorial needs, but also mindful of the impact it seeks to achieve.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Due to the nature of terrorism, the society itself is seen as a victim of violence; a memory maker, through use of spontaneous memorialisation; but also, a memory consumer. However, citizens &#8211; intended users of state-led memorialisation efforts &#8211; often do not engage with such initiatives in the intended way. Public commemorations report low numbers in terms of citizens participation. In some instances, monuments fail to communicate with local communities as they e.g., lack authenticity or visibility in public space. At Rambla in Barcelona, even for the intended visitor, it is very hard to locate the monument made in memory of the 2017 attacks. In Brussels, the memorial to all victims of all terror attacks is created far away from the authentic site of attacks. Lack of citizen participation both in consultative process about permanent monuments and in commemorative efforts, weakens the potential of memorialisation strategy. In Norway, where such consultations were held early on, citizens, victims and survivors rejected the first memorial project that aimed at cutting Utoya island in half.  Monuments and memorials can have wider reach, more impact and visibility if they are brought in communication with its intended user \u2013 the society itself.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Enhancing citizens participation in memorialisation efforts<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><em><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>A successful memorialisation strategy is not only time-sensitive and respectful of victims\u2019 memorial needs, but also mindful of the impact it seeks to achieve.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Due to the nature of terrorism, the society itself is seen as a victim of violence; a memory maker, through use of spontaneous memorialisation; but also, a memory consumer. However, citizens &#8211; intended users of state-led memorialisation efforts &#8211; often do not engage with such initiatives in the intended way. Public commemorations report low numbers in terms of citizens participation. In some instances, monuments fail to communicate with local communities as they e.g., lack authenticity or visibility in public space. At Rambla in Barcelona, even for the intended visitor, it is very hard to locate the monument made in memory of the 2017 attacks. In Brussels, the memorial to all victims of all terror attacks is created far away from the authentic site of attacks. Lack of citizen participation both in consultative process about permanent monuments and in commemorative efforts, weakens the potential of memorialisation strategy. In Norway, where such consultations were held early on, citizens, victims and survivors rejected the first memorial project that aimed at cutting Utoya island in half.  Monuments and memorials can have wider reach, more impact and visibility if they are brought in communication with its intended user \u2013 the society itself.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enhancing citizens participation in memorialisation efforts<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>A successful memorialisation strategy is not only time-sensitive and respectful of victims\u2019 memorial needs, but also mindful of the impact it seeks to achieve.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to the nature of terrorism, the society itself is seen as a victim of violence; a memory maker, through use of spontaneous memorialisation; but also, a memory consumer. However, citizens &#8211; intended users of state-led memorialisation efforts &#8211; often do not engage with such initiatives in the intended way. Public commemorations report low numbers in terms of citizens participation. In some instances, monuments fail to communicate with local communities as they e.g., lack authenticity or visibility in public space. At Rambla in Barcelona, even for the intended visitor, it is very hard to locate the monument made in memory of the 2017 attacks. In Brussels, the memorial to all victims of all terror attacks is created far away from the authentic site of attacks. Lack of citizen participation both in consultative process about permanent monuments and in commemorative efforts, weakens the potential of memorialisation strategy. In Norway, where such consultations were held early on, citizens, victims and survivors rejected the first memorial project that aimed at cutting Utoya island in half.\u00a0 Monuments and memorials can have wider reach, more impact and visibility if they are brought in communication with its intended user \u2013 the society itself.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/We-the-people.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbWe &#8211; the people\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cWe &#8211; The People\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Memorial in front of the 22 July museum in Norway. Oslo. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Rambla.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbRambla\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cRambla\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Barcelona, a city of peace. Barcelona. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Shattered.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbShattered\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cShattered\u201d<\/strong> <\/span>&#8211; Shattered glass after the explosion at the governmental building in downtown Oslo attacks makes part of the memorial. Oslo. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Memory-making.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbMemory making\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cMemory making\u00bb<\/strong> <\/span>-Workers installing the memorial to all victims of terrorism in the EU Quarter. Brussels. 2017.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Reconciling private and public<br \/>dimension of remembrance<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>One of the most important challenges for policy makers is to create memorialisation strategies that reconcile both private and public dimension of remembrance.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Private memorials remain the main tool for mourning and remembrance for the victims, survivors, and their families. For instance, on the island of Ut\u00f8ya, such a memorial has been made by those who were directly affected by the violence. Through consultation about and work on the memorial itself, the victims and survivors conceived a monument as a place of reflection, grief, and memory of those who directly suffered its consequences. This initiative contrasts with memorial purposes of the national memorial, currently under construction just across the island. The National memorial of the 22 July attacks will reflect on broader understanding of the attacks\u2019 consequences for Norwegian society.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>Citizens and victims\/survivors engage with terrorist attacks\u2019 sites actively throughout the year, and not only around anniversaries. Such places have the capacity to communicate beyond victimhood and should be regarded not only as places of memory but as a space to contest the imagery of violence and promote democratic values. State led, the 22 July Sentret, is an important example of good practice. It is a learning center that works with the mediation of memory and knowledge about the terror attacks in Oslo and on Ut\u00f8ya. Situated in the governmental quarter where the first attacks happened, the center\u2019s educational programme invites ordinary citizens, tourists, students and teachers into the dialogue about the 22nd of July. The main contribution of the Centre is in encouraging active participation in the negotiation of the attack\u2019s significance both at present, and in the future.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h4 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Reconciling private and public<br \/>dimension of remembrance<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: left;%22>One of the most important challenges for policy makers is to create memorialisation strategies that reconcile both private and public dimension of remembrance.<\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Private memorials remain the main tool for mourning and remembrance for the victims, survivors, and their families. For instance, on the island of Ut\u00f8ya, such a memorial has been made by those who were directly affected by the violence. Through consultation about and work on the memorial itself, the victims and survivors conceived a monument as a place of reflection, grief, and memory of those who directly suffered its consequences. This initiative contrasts with memorial purposes of the national memorial, currently under construction just across the island. The National memorial of the 22 July attacks will reflect on broader understanding of the attacks\u2019 consequences for Norwegian society.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>Citizens and victims\/survivors engage with terrorist attacks\u2019 sites actively throughout the year, and not only around anniversaries. Such places have the capacity to communicate beyond victimhood and should be regarded not only as places of memory but as a space to contest the imagery of violence and promote democratic values. State led, the 22 July Sentret, is an important example of good practice. It is a learning center that works with the mediation of memory and knowledge about the terror attacks in Oslo and on Ut\u00f8ya. Situated in the governmental quarter where the first attacks happened, the center\u2019s educational programme invites ordinary citizens, tourists, students and teachers into the dialogue about the 22nd of July. The main contribution of the Centre is in encouraging active participation in the negotiation of the attack\u2019s significance both at present, and in the future.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reconciling private and public<br \/>dimension of remembrance<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>One of the most important challenges for policy makers is to create memorialisation strategies that reconcile both private and public dimension of remembrance.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Private memorials remain the main tool for mourning and remembrance for the victims, survivors, and their families. For instance, on the island of Ut\u00f8ya, such a memorial has been made by those who were directly affected by the violence. Through consultation about and work on the memorial itself, the victims and survivors conceived a monument as a place of reflection, grief, and memory of those who directly suffered its consequences. This initiative contrasts with memorial purposes of the national memorial, currently under construction just across the island. The National memorial of the 22 July attacks will reflect on broader understanding of the attacks\u2019 consequences for Norwegian society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Citizens and victims\/survivors engage with terrorist attacks\u2019 sites actively throughout the year, and not only around anniversaries. Such places have the capacity to communicate beyond victimhood and should be regarded not only as places of memory but as a space to contest the imagery of violence and promote democratic values. State led, the 22 July Sentret, is an important example of good practice. It is a learning center that works with the mediation of memory and knowledge about the terror attacks in Oslo and on Ut\u00f8ya. Situated in the governmental quarter where the first attacks happened, the center\u2019s educational programme invites ordinary citizens, tourists, students and teachers into the dialogue about the 22nd of July. The main contribution of the Centre is in encouraging active participation in the negotiation of the attack\u2019s significance both at present, and in the future.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/A-rose-and-a-name.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbA rose and a name\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cA rose and a name\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Private memorial made by the victim community at the Ut\u00f8ya Island. 2021.\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Peace-and-Terror.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbPeace and Terror\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cPeace and terror\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; the Nobel peace prize given to the European Union next to the memorabilia left in the streets after the attacks in Norway and Belgium\u201d, House of European History, Brussels. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/THE-ISLAND-THE-CAFETERIA-CRIME-SCENE-ON-THE-UTOYA-ISLAND.-2021..jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bb\u201cTHE ISLAND\u201d &#8211; THE CAFETERIA CRIME SCENE ON THE UTOYA ISLAND. 2021.\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cThe island\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; The cafeteria crime scene on the Ut\u00f8ya Island. 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbvideo\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb100px||0px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb30px||||false|false\u00bb top_divider_height=\u00bb36px\u00bb top_divider_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_phone=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_video src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-c9uUMer86o\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cWhen Time Stood Still\u201d<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; Video<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCONCLUSION\u00bb module_id=\u00bbSEC4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb background_enable_image=\u00bboff\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb100px||0px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb30px||||false|false\u00bb top_divider_height=\u00bb36px\u00bb top_divider_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_phone=\u00bb\u00bb top_divider_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb60px|0px|30px|0px||\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<div title=%22Page 1%22>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h1>MUJERES Y NIN\u0303OS<br \/> EN UNA EUROPA<br \/> EN GUERRA<br \/> (1914-1949)<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbText ti\u00edtol\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbOpen Sans||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbTypesketchbook &#8211; GroldSlim-Black|||on|||||\u00bb header_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbSharpGrotesk-SemiBold10||||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb90px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb8px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb70px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|700||||on|||\u00bb header_4_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#74a584&#8243; header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb animation_style=\u00bbslide\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb animation_intensity_slide=\u00bb3%\u00bb animation_starting_opacity=\u00bb88%\u00bb animation_speed_curve=\u00bbease\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb70px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb45px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_text_align_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_text_align_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_text_align_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb54px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb-2px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<div title=\"Page 1\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>A<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93s cities and states affected by terrorist violence have often dealt with memorialisation in an ad-hoc manner without clear policy guidance, identifying their practices is vital towards the development of future policy frameworks that can effectively address societal and victims\u2019 needs. This project explored the methods and objectives of such policy guidance, generating the data necessary for identification of best practices through the assessment of memorialisation policies and practices on (trans)national level.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>This research has a clear policy impact that can support management of the long-term consequences of a terrorist attack more efficiently. As such, it is highly relevant to the needs of the victims of terrorism and their families, decision makers and the general public. To effectively gauge the ways in which the victims can be memorialised, this project assessed current practices, needs and expectations of key actors, and provided a detailed account of the post-terror memorialisation process in the EU (see Policy Brief).<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: justify;%22>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>%91dropcap%93<strong>A<\/strong>%91\/dropcap%93s cities and states affected by terrorist violence have often dealt with memorialisation in an ad-hoc manner without clear policy guidance, identifying their practices is vital towards the development of future policy frameworks that can effectively address societal and victims\u2019 needs. This project explored the methods and objectives of such policy guidance, generating the data necessary for identification of best practices through the assessment of memorialisation policies and practices on (trans)national level.<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>This research has a clear policy impact that can support management of the long-term consequences of a terrorist attack more efficiently. As such, it is highly relevant to the needs of the victims of terrorism and their families, decision makers and the general public. To effectively gauge the ways in which the victims can be memorialised, this project assessed current practices, needs and expectations of key actors, and provided a detailed account of the post-terror memorialisation process in the EU (see Policy Brief).<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: left;%22>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.5)\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb100px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb-1px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb0em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb120px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|300|on||||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbjustify\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.3em\u00bb header_4_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_4_font_size=\u00bb27px\u00bb header_4_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_5_font=\u00bbAbril Fatface||||||||\u00bb header_5_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb header_5_font_size=\u00bb50px\u00bb header_5_letter_spacing=\u00bb1px\u00bb header_5_line_height=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_6_font=\u00bbOpen Sans|600|||||||\u00bb header_6_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_6_text_color=\u00bb#17181A\u00bb header_6_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb z_index=\u00bb0&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb|185px||185px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00bb|25px||25px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00bb|4px||4px|false|true\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bbbottom\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb20px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb48px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb85px\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb56px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_tablet=\u00bb0px\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_letter_spacing_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_phone=\u00bb1em\u00bb header_2_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb20px\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_4_font_size_tablet=\u00bb24px\u00bb header_4_font_size_phone=\u00bb19px\u00bb header_4_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_5_font_size_tablet=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_5_font_size_phone=\u00bb22px\u00bb header_5_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_6_font_size_tablet=\u00bb14px\u00bb header_6_font_size_phone=\u00bb12px\u00bb header_6_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_margin__hover_enabled=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class='et-dropcap'><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>s cities and states affected by terrorist violence have often dealt with memorialisation in an ad-hoc manner without clear policy guidance, identifying their practices is vital towards the development of future policy frameworks that can effectively address societal and victims\u2019 needs. This project explored the methods and objectives of such policy guidance, generating the data necessary for identification of best practices through the assessment of memorialisation policies and practices on (trans)national level.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This research has a clear policy impact that can support management of the long-term consequences of a terrorist attack more efficiently. As such, it is highly relevant to the needs of the victims of terrorism and their families, decision makers and the general public. To effectively gauge the ways in which the victims can be memorialised, this project assessed current practices, needs and expectations of key actors, and provided a detailed account of the post-terror memorialisation process in the EU (see Policy Brief).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbCoffee items\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|true|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb||70px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb|||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00bb|||\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/12\/Author-BN.jpg\u00bb title_text=\u00bbAuthor BN\u00bb align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb width=\u00bb65%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb75%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb81%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb100px||20px||false|false\u00bb box_shadow_style=\u00bbpreset1&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb16px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||50px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><strong>\u201cThe Author\u201d<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; admin_label=\u00bbcredits\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb50px||50px||true|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bbon\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb50px||0px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00bb50px||8px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00bb50px||8px||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2 style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||||on|||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||11px|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All pictures by <strong><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.milosevic.eu\/\" style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\">Ana Milosevic<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span id=\"m_7333723945545400675gmail-docs-internal-guid-292adaf5-7fff-4b17-5099-d7530721b157\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.milosevic.eu\/\" style=\"color: #e0cc9d;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2&#8243; use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb-15px||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/01\/INsTAGRAM-01.png\u00bb title_text=\u00bbINsTAGRAM-01&#8243; url=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.instagram.com\/monument_hunter\/?hl=es\u00bb url_new_window=\u00bbon\u00bb align=\u00bbright\u00bb src_tablet=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/01\/INsTAGRAM-01.png\u00bb src_phone=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/01\/INsTAGRAM-01.png\u00bb src_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb width=\u00bb5%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb5%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb8%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_alignment_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb module_alignment_phone=\u00bbcenter\u00bb module_alignment_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/01\/USER-01.png\u00bb title_text=\u00bbUSER-01&#8243; url=\u00bbhttp:\/\/www.milosevic.eu\/\u00bb url_new_window=\u00bbon\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; _module_preset=\u00bbdefault\u00bb width=\u00bb5%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb5%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb8%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb module_alignment_tablet=\u00bbcenter\u00bb module_alignment_phone=\u00bbcenter\u00bb module_alignment_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; admin_label=\u00bbAKNOWLEDGMENS\u00bb module_id=\u00bbSEC5&#8243; module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; background_color=\u00bb#1c1c1c\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb50px||50px||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb collapsed=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb100px|||||\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2 style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||on|on||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Acknowledgments<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; custom_padding=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Lead researcher<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Dr. Ana Milosevic<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Corrdination<br \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>EUROM<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Lead researcher<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Dr. Ana Milosevic<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Corrdination<br \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>EUROM<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||||on|||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Lead researcher<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Ana Milosevic<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><br \/>Web design<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Web Design<br \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><br \/><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Video<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Karel Vangrimde<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>Web Design<br \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong> Video<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Karel Vangrimde<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||||on|||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Coordination<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EUROM<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong><br \/>Video<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karel Vangrimde<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"m_7333723945545400675gmail-docs-internal-guid-292adaf5-7fff-4b17-5099-d7530721b157\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1&#8243; 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custom_padding=\u00bb50px||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4&#8243; _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2 style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Web design<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22><\/span><span style=%22font-weight: 400;%22>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16&#8243; text_font=\u00bbRoboto||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb link_font=\u00bbRoboto|700|||||||\u00bb link_text_color=\u00bb#e0cc9d\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbRoboto|900||||on|||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbcenter\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_2_font_size=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbRoboto|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#E0CC9D\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00bb25px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_2_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_2_font_size_phone=\u00bb30px\u00bb header_2_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb28px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exhibition is based on research conducted on the memorialisation of terror attacks in Spain, Belgium, Norway and France. I am grateful to the 22 July sentriet; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J\u00f8rgen Watne Frydnes, the <a href=\"https:\/\/utoya.no\/\">Ut\u00f8ya<\/a> director; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brussels.be\/archives\">Brussels\u2019 Archives<\/a>; my colleagues in the <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/home-affairs\/networks\/radicalisation-awareness-network-ran_pt\">Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN)<\/a>, victims\u2019 organisation and their representatives from across the EU.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, I would like to acknowledge an extraordinary debt I owe to the victims and survivors who have, over the years, informed my research. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you wholeheartedly for taking the time to talk, and to share your hardships and victories with me.<br \/><\/span><span id=\"m_7333723945545400675gmail-docs-internal-guid-292adaf5-7fff-4b17-5099-d7530721b157\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Ut\u00f8ya. Charlie Hebdo. Brussels. Berlin.Nice. Barcelona. Manchester. Kongsberg. <span class='et-dropcap'>W<\/span>hen terror strikes, the feeling is like the one of holding breath under water. Surreal, and deafening silence overtakes all our senses. We are both present and absent in the moment, seeing but not believing, not having full consciousness of our own senses. The time stands [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:divi\/placeholder \/-->","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":204,"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6671,"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions\/6671"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/terrorism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}