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The fourth wave, perhaps the largest, occurred between the rise to power of Nazism in Germany in January 1933 and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War; and the fifth took place during World War II, as Jews rushed to leave Nazi-dominated Europe and sought refuge in Spain. Between the fourth and fifth migratory waves, during the Spanish Civil War, there was also an influx of Jewish anti-Fascists intent on joining the Republican cause.<\/p>\n
These five migrations can be grouped chronologically in three broad periods:<\/p>\n
1914-1929 \/ 1933-1936 \/ 1939-1945<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
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1914-1929<\/strong><\/h1>\nThe newcomers were families of Sephardic origin from the ancient Ottoman Empire, especially Greece and Turkey. Although some Jewish families already resided in Barcelona, Judaism was not practised publicly. This first contingent of new arrivals spurred the foundation of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB).<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
1914-1929<\/strong><\/h1>\nThe newcomers were families of Sephardic origin from the ancient Ottoman Empire, especially Greece and Turkey. Although some Jewish families already resided in Barcelona, Judaism was not practised publicly. This first contingent of new arrivals spurred the foundation of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB).<\/p>\n
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1914-1929<\/strong><\/h1>\nThe newcomers were families of Sephardic origin from the ancient Ottoman Empire, especially Greece and Turkey. Although some Jewish families already resided in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bJudaism was not practised publicly. This first contingent of new arrivals spurred the foundation of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB).<\/p>\n
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Jacques Bensussan<\/h3>\n
Jacques Bensussan was born in Thessaloniki in 1877, a city in the process of industrialization and transformation. He was trained at the forward-thinking Alliance Israelite Universelle<\/em>, which fostered French culture and language. Jacques Bensussan decided to move; he sold off his property and start from scratch in Paris. But the First World War forced him to pack the bags once again. This time the family headed south to the mythical land of their ancestors, arriving in Barcelona in 1916. After featuring as a founding partner of the Israeli Community of Barcelona (CIB), Jacques’s footsteps reappear in France, where he settled in the mid-1920s. With the outbreak of World War II, between July 16 and 17, 1942, he was detained and taken to the V\u00e9lodrome d’Hiver, from where he was taken to the concentration camp of Drancy. He died that same year in Auschwitz, at age 65.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(Toca la imatge)
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JOS\u00c9 AND EDMUNDO METZGER<\/h3>\n
The Metzger brothers were young Swiss Jews who arrived in Barcelona in the early years of the twentieth century. For the first few years they worked as salesmen, but they soon became influential manufacturers, patenting a myriad of inventions and setting up their own factory in the Sant Mart\u00ed neighbourhood, called Tallers Weil S.A. In a short time they earned the respect of Spanish industry; they became suppliers of the army and the royal household and opened offices in Madrid and Bilbao. The Metzgers frequented the most select circles in Barcelona: dances at the Hotel Orient, drinks parties at the Majestic-Hotel Anglaterra, and dinners at the Maison Dor\u00e9e, and they took part in tennis matches at the courts of the Royal Association of Barcelona and in equestrian competitions.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(Toca la imatge)
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Jos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s<\/h3>\n
Jos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s, born in Bursa (in the former Ottoman Empire) settled in Barcelona in late 1923 when, like many of his countrymen, he left his hometown to avoid compulsory military service. In Barcelona he worked as a travelling salesman in the towns of inland Catalonia. During the summer of 1936, at the height of revolutionary fervour, the Palomo family business was collectivized by the Militia Committee. A year and a half after the end of the war, on the night of December 20, 1940, Jos\u00e9 Palomo was detained by two police officers and sent to the Modelo prison, and was later transferred to the concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro, Burgos. In the three years of his imprisonment, he was not tried in court or charged with any crime.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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The Esquenazi family<\/h3>\n
In October 1914 the Esquenazi family (Jos\u00e9, Elisa and their son Jaime) arrived in a rapidly expanding Barcelona from their hometown of Istanbul. Jos\u00e9 Esquenazi combined his profession as a tailor with work as a door-to-door salesperson, but found it hard to make ends meet; in January 1917, besieged by debt, he was saved by a loan from the American Joint Distribution Committee, a US charity for European Jews. Alarmed by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its possible effects, the Spanish authorities turned on many foreign residents and accused them of being Bolsheviks. Faced with the danger of a completely arbitrary expulsion, in 1918 Jos\u00e9 took the unusual step of christening his son Vidal Jaime Esquenazi Alfandari, in accordance with the rites of the Catholic Church.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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(Toca la imatge)
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Agudad Ahim<\/h3>\n
In 1926, \u200b\u200bthe Agudad A\u1e25im Fraternal Union was created in the Sant Antoni neighbourhood of Barcelona. The vast majority of its members were Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire, who had come to the city from France during the First World War. They were street vendors and small traders in the Sant Antoni Market, and lived in the triangle formed by the intersections of Raval, Poble Sec (the majority) and Sant Antoni.<\/p>\n
The fall of Barcelona \u200b\u200bin January 1939 brought the Agudad Ahim union to an end. Its premises were closed, its archives were searched, and its members were investigated and prosecuted; in fact, most of them went into exile.<\/p>\n
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The Israelite Community of Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\nOn May 6, 1919, almost two months before the end of the First World War, the statutes of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB) were passed. The 17 founding members rented the ground floor of a house at c\/Proven\u00e7a 250 for use as a synagogue.<\/p>\n
The community expanded with the arrival of Jews from the Mediterranean Levant, driven by the economic crisis and the proliferation of nationalist movements. By 1925 the city\u2019s Jewish population was estimated at around one thousand people, a figure which doubled three years later. In 1933, with the rise to power of Nazism in Germany \u200b\u200ba large contingent of Ashkenazi Jews moved to Barcelona. The city had managed to resist the effects of the economic crisis of 1929 and offered a range of opportunities for the large colony of Jewish refugees. Even so, many of the newcomers lived in poverty.<\/p>\n
The end of the Civil War in April 1939 created a new scenario in which the values \u200b\u200bof the Franco regime were enforced mercilessly. The synagogue and the community centre in c\/Proven\u00e7a were looted and closed. The CIB\u2019s president Edmundo Grunebaum was detained and interned because of his position as a leading freemason. The community\u2019s documents were confiscated and sent to the Archive of Salamanca.<\/p>\n
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1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_font=\u00bbOswald||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ header_font_size=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb90%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|-40px|||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb inline_fonts=\u00bbFlamenco,Oswald\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bfleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
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Margaret Michaelis<\/h3>\n
Margaret Michaelis was born in Dzieditz (Poland) on April 6, 1902. At the age of sixteen she entered the renowned Graphik Institute in Vienna, where she studied photography. In 1928 she settled in Berlin, where three years later she opened her own studio, the Foto-gross Studio, which remained active until the Nazi Party came to power. In those turbulent times, Margaret met Rudolf Michaelis, an anarchist and archaeologist. A victim of the first political purges of the Nazis, Rudolf was dismissed from his post at the Berlin State Museum for his political activities and later imprisoned. The very day Rudolf was released from prison, the couple left Germany for Barcelona. In that city, they moved in with their anarchist friends Dora and Helmut R\u00fcdiger, who had a flat in c\/Rossell\u00f3.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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David Oliver<\/h3>\n
David Oliver was born in 1880 in the Polish region of Galitzia. As a young man he emigrated to Germany in search of new opportunities. He moved to Berlin where he worked as a film producer and, later, in the real estate business, he built theatres and cinemas all over the country. Oliver arrived in Barcelona in the spring of 1933 and in September of that same year, together with the Jewish refugee Kurt-Louis Flatau and the Catalan Mari\u00e0 Rubi\u00f3 Tudur\u00ed, founded the film production company Iberian Films<\/em>. This firm employed many Jewish refugees in Barcelona: the 1934 film, Do\u00f1a Francisquita<\/em>, was directed by Hans Behrendt and the cinematographer Heinrich G\u00e4rtner, (known in Spain as Enrique Guerner), the composer Max Winterfeld, and the decorator Herbert Lippschitz.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/12)
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1015,1001,1002,1016,1004,1009,1003,1005,1000,1008,1013,1007″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_video src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qxm4VupVoJg&feature=youtu.be\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ border_width_all=\u00bb7px\u00bb border_color_all=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbMARGOLIN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbmargolin\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#992727″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Charlotte Margolin<\/h3>\n
Charlotte Margolin was born in Berlin in 1896 into an assimilated Jewish family. She studied at the prestigious medical faculty of the University of Berlin, the Medizinische Universit\u00e4tsklinik der Charit\u00e9. In 1923 she published an important study on the nervous system. In the late 1920s she joined the KPD-O, a group which had broken away from the German Communist Party. In the spring of 1933 she lost her job at the faculty and was forced into exile. She moved to Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhere she frequented the circle of Jewish left-wing refugees; she became friends with Ewald and Ella K\u00f6nig, the \u00e9migr\u00e9s Augusta Marx and Eva Sittig-Laufer and the married couple Max and Golda Friedemann.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/6)
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Werner Wolff<\/h3>\n
Werner Wolff was born in Berlin in 1904 into a fully assimilated Jewish family. Son of a doctor, he studied medicine at the University of Berlin under the most important representatives of Gestalt psychology, Max Wertheimer, William Stern and Wolfgang K\u00f6hler.<\/p>\n
In the summer of 1933, after a brief stay in Tenerife on leaving Nazi Germany, Wolff was invited to give a lecture in Barcelona by Emili Mira, director of the Catalan governments\u2019 Psychiatric Technical Institute. Wolff took advantage of his stay in the city to carry out some experiments in characterology. Other Jewish refugees who arrived in Barcelona to work with Mira included Sandor Eiminder and Alfred Strauss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
<\/em><\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
(1\/2)
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Manuel Mendelsohn<\/h3>\n
The Pole Manuel Mendelsohn arrived in Barcelona in the late 1920s. His uncle ran a lace shop near Pla\u00e7a Urquinaona. Later, his brother Mauricio and other relatives also settled in Barcelona. The two brothers set up their own textile business, the Casa Mendelsohn, at c\/Tamarit 169, directly opposite Sant Antoni market. Many of the Jewish immigrants who came to Barcelona in these years found work in the clothing industry. In c\/Sant Pau alone there were some twenty Jewish-run shops.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/8)
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1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
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1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
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Luis Stern Selig<\/h3>\n
Luis Stern Selig (Mannheim, Germany, 1899 – Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1980) carried out important humanitarian work during the war by providing aid for Jews who arrived in Catalonia. He cooperated with escape networks responsible for moving Jews from the south of France to the Iberian Peninsula. Those who came to Catalonia clandestinely were sheltered in his flat in Barcelona or at his house in Valldoreix, and he also organized care for the internees at Spanish prisons and concentration camps.<\/p>\n
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The Sequerra brothers, protectors of Jews in Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\nAs more and more Jews came to Catalonia, the Jewish welfare organization the American Joint Distribution Committee sent a representative to Barcelona in late 1941. This was Samuel Sequerra (Faro, 1913 – Rio \u200b\u200bde Janeiro, 1992), who was later joined by his brother Joel. The Sequerra brothers were based at the Hotel Bristol. They controlled the entry of Jews from France and Andorra, negotiated with the civil governors to avoid the imprisonment of the refugees, and provided medical and economic assistance to those gathered in Barcelona. The Francoist sectors closest to Nazi Germany did their best to stop them: the brothers\u2019 car came under attack and a group of Falangists stormed their premises, forcing them to move their office to a house in Passeig de Gr\u00e0cia.<\/p>\n
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Bernard Hilda and \u201cthe Grill\u201d at the Ritz<\/strong><\/h3>\nThe Ritz was the most luxurious hotel in Barcelona. It was the natural venue for high society events and was the place where the most distinguished visitors would stay. On the ground floor there was a space for dinners and concerts, named the \u201cParrilla del Ritz\u201d, or the \u201cGrill\u201d. On December 3, 1942, the Bernard Hilda Orchestra made its debut there. Hilda (1914 – 2005), whose real name was Bernart Levitzky, was a French conductor of Jewish origin who had fled France in November 1942 along with his wife and some members of his orchestra. The group performed at the Ritz and other venues in the city, accompanied by local musicians. Among the Falangists, black marketeers, businessmen, spies and smugglers, Hilda\u2019s music was a reference point of the life of the in those dark years.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_audio audio=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelona-jewish-shelter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/01\/oh-la-la-remastered.mp3″ title=\u00bbOh, La, La!\u00bb artist_name=\u00bbBernard Hilda\u00bb album_name=\u00bbN\u00ba 1 del Pop Espa\u00f1ol 1943 \u2117 2015 Music Publisher: SGAE \u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ title_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ caption_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_audio][et_pb_button button_url=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L3UGaGUpWXU\u00bb button_text=\u00bbWatch on YouTube\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Victor Papo<\/h3>\n
The ancestors of Victor Papo (Milan, 1927) were Sephardic Jews who had settled in Turkey. They later moved to Italy, and then Paris, where they ran a hotel. There they were surprised by the outbreak of the Second World War. Thanks to a \u201cletter of protection\u201d from the Spanish consul, Victor, his parents, and his brother Alfredo escaped from France and managed to reach Barcelona in September 1941, where they settled. Alfredo becomes a renowned jazz promoter and critic, while Victor pursued a career as an engineer.<\/p>\n
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Ossip Bernstein<\/h3>\n
Ossip Bernstein (1882 – 1962) was a doctor in law and businessman, who escaped death in an Odessa prison at the midst of the Russian Revolution by winning a life-or-death chess game against his jailer. At that time Bernstein was considered one of the ten best chess players in the world. The outbreak of the Second World War found Bernstein in Paris. He decided to flee France with his wife, and was arrested in the Catalan Pyrenees and imprisoned in Figueres. Because of his status as an international chess master, Bernstein was protected by the governor of Barcelona, Antonio F. Correa Veglison, himself a chess lover. Bernstein continued to give lectures in Barcelona and participated in chess tournaments until he decided to return to France years after the end of the war.<\/p>\n
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<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1257,1069,1258″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbBIRNBAUM\u00bb module_id=\u00bbbirnbaum\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#a68c76″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Henri Birnbaum<\/h3>\n
Henri Birnbaum (Berlin, 1921 – Barcelona, 2004) was living in Paris with his family when the city fell to the Nazis. He decided to try to join the Allied army in North Africa. He moved to the south of France where, in September 1942, he was detained and taken to the concentration camp in Agde, where he managed to escape and move to Spain. He was captured near Tavascan in the Pallars Sobir\u00e0, imprisoned in Sort and Lleida, and then sent to the concentration camp of Miranda de Ebro until his release in June 1943. From there he moved on to Casablanca where he enlisted in the Allied army. After demobilization returned to France, but some years later he decided to move to Barcelona where his sister Nina was living. He founded \u201cJudo Barcelona\u201d, the first judo club in Barcelona, and is considered the introducer of the sport in Spain.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/2)
<\/em><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1260,1261″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb24%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbagraiments\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/h3>\nArchivo General de la Administraci\u00f3n (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Consulado General de Marsella) \/ Arxiu Comarcal de l\u2019Alt Empord\u00e0, Arxiu de la Comunitat Israelita de Barcelona (CIB) \/ Arxiu del Consolat General de Su\u00efssa en Barcelona \/ Arxiu Fotogr\u00e0fic de Barcelona \/ Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya \/ Biblioteca Nacional de Espa\u00f1a \/ Das Bundesarchiv Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron \/ Centro Documental de la Memoria Historica \/ Gallica – BnF \/ Hemeroteca de La Vanguardia \/ Israel State Archives \/ JDC \/ Life Magazine, National Gallery of Australia \/ Yad Vashem<\/p>\n
PERSONAL ARCHIVES<\/b><\/h3>\n
Mendelsohn Family \/ Palomo\u00a0Family \/ Haim Avni \/ Victor Papo \/ Henri Birnbaum
<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbcredits\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bblogos\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb2″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Production<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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Production<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Production<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelona-jewish-shelter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/01\/comb-NOVA_B_comb-1.png\")
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
cooperation
<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
cooperation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
collaboration<\/strong><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelonarefugijueu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2019\/12\/logo_mozaika-B-01-300x259.png\")
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Support<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Support<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb min_height=\u00bb189px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Support<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelona-jewish-shelter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/01\/comb-NOVA_comb-1-1024x150.png\")
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Contact<\/h3>\n
c\/ Melcior de Palau, 140, Barcelona
<\/span>observatori.memories@ub.edu
<\/a>View on our map<\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbxarxes i codi\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb1″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ width=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb height=\u00bb10%\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbMerriweather||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
The newcomers were families of Sephardic origin from the ancient Ottoman Empire, especially Greece and Turkey. Although some Jewish families already resided in Barcelona, Judaism was not practised publicly. This first contingent of new arrivals spurred the foundation of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB).<\/p>\n
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1914-1929<\/strong><\/h1>\nThe newcomers were families of Sephardic origin from the ancient Ottoman Empire, especially Greece and Turkey. Although some Jewish families already resided in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bJudaism was not practised publicly. This first contingent of new arrivals spurred the foundation of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB).<\/p>\n
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Jacques Bensussan<\/h3>\n
Jacques Bensussan was born in Thessaloniki in 1877, a city in the process of industrialization and transformation. He was trained at the forward-thinking Alliance Israelite Universelle<\/em>, which fostered French culture and language. Jacques Bensussan decided to move; he sold off his property and start from scratch in Paris. But the First World War forced him to pack the bags once again. This time the family headed south to the mythical land of their ancestors, arriving in Barcelona in 1916. After featuring as a founding partner of the Israeli Community of Barcelona (CIB), Jacques’s footsteps reappear in France, where he settled in the mid-1920s. With the outbreak of World War II, between July 16 and 17, 1942, he was detained and taken to the V\u00e9lodrome d’Hiver, from where he was taken to the concentration camp of Drancy. He died that same year in Auschwitz, at age 65.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
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JOS\u00c9 AND EDMUNDO METZGER<\/h3>\n
The Metzger brothers were young Swiss Jews who arrived in Barcelona in the early years of the twentieth century. For the first few years they worked as salesmen, but they soon became influential manufacturers, patenting a myriad of inventions and setting up their own factory in the Sant Mart\u00ed neighbourhood, called Tallers Weil S.A. In a short time they earned the respect of Spanish industry; they became suppliers of the army and the royal household and opened offices in Madrid and Bilbao. The Metzgers frequented the most select circles in Barcelona: dances at the Hotel Orient, drinks parties at the Majestic-Hotel Anglaterra, and dinners at the Maison Dor\u00e9e, and they took part in tennis matches at the courts of the Royal Association of Barcelona and in equestrian competitions.<\/p>\n
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Jos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s<\/h3>\n
Jos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s, born in Bursa (in the former Ottoman Empire) settled in Barcelona in late 1923 when, like many of his countrymen, he left his hometown to avoid compulsory military service. In Barcelona he worked as a travelling salesman in the towns of inland Catalonia. During the summer of 1936, at the height of revolutionary fervour, the Palomo family business was collectivized by the Militia Committee. A year and a half after the end of the war, on the night of December 20, 1940, Jos\u00e9 Palomo was detained by two police officers and sent to the Modelo prison, and was later transferred to the concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro, Burgos. In the three years of his imprisonment, he was not tried in court or charged with any crime.<\/p>\n
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The Esquenazi family<\/h3>\n
In October 1914 the Esquenazi family (Jos\u00e9, Elisa and their son Jaime) arrived in a rapidly expanding Barcelona from their hometown of Istanbul. Jos\u00e9 Esquenazi combined his profession as a tailor with work as a door-to-door salesperson, but found it hard to make ends meet; in January 1917, besieged by debt, he was saved by a loan from the American Joint Distribution Committee, a US charity for European Jews. Alarmed by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its possible effects, the Spanish authorities turned on many foreign residents and accused them of being Bolsheviks. Faced with the danger of a completely arbitrary expulsion, in 1918 Jos\u00e9 took the unusual step of christening his son Vidal Jaime Esquenazi Alfandari, in accordance with the rites of the Catholic Church.<\/p>\n
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Agudad Ahim<\/h3>\n
In 1926, \u200b\u200bthe Agudad A\u1e25im Fraternal Union was created in the Sant Antoni neighbourhood of Barcelona. The vast majority of its members were Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire, who had come to the city from France during the First World War. They were street vendors and small traders in the Sant Antoni Market, and lived in the triangle formed by the intersections of Raval, Poble Sec (the majority) and Sant Antoni.<\/p>\n
The fall of Barcelona \u200b\u200bin January 1939 brought the Agudad Ahim union to an end. Its premises were closed, its archives were searched, and its members were investigated and prosecuted; in fact, most of them went into exile.<\/p>\n
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The Israelite Community of Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\nOn May 6, 1919, almost two months before the end of the First World War, the statutes of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB) were passed. The 17 founding members rented the ground floor of a house at c\/Proven\u00e7a 250 for use as a synagogue.<\/p>\n
The community expanded with the arrival of Jews from the Mediterranean Levant, driven by the economic crisis and the proliferation of nationalist movements. By 1925 the city\u2019s Jewish population was estimated at around one thousand people, a figure which doubled three years later. In 1933, with the rise to power of Nazism in Germany \u200b\u200ba large contingent of Ashkenazi Jews moved to Barcelona. The city had managed to resist the effects of the economic crisis of 1929 and offered a range of opportunities for the large colony of Jewish refugees. Even so, many of the newcomers lived in poverty.<\/p>\n
The end of the Civil War in April 1939 created a new scenario in which the values \u200b\u200bof the Franco regime were enforced mercilessly. The synagogue and the community centre in c\/Proven\u00e7a were looted and closed. The CIB\u2019s president Edmundo Grunebaum was detained and interned because of his position as a leading freemason. The community\u2019s documents were confiscated and sent to the Archive of Salamanca.<\/p>\n
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1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_font=\u00bbOswald||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ header_font_size=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb90%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|-40px|||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb inline_fonts=\u00bbFlamenco,Oswald\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\nAfter Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bfleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n
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Margaret Michaelis<\/h3>\n
Margaret Michaelis was born in Dzieditz (Poland) on April 6, 1902. At the age of sixteen she entered the renowned Graphik Institute in Vienna, where she studied photography. In 1928 she settled in Berlin, where three years later she opened her own studio, the Foto-gross Studio, which remained active until the Nazi Party came to power. In those turbulent times, Margaret met Rudolf Michaelis, an anarchist and archaeologist. A victim of the first political purges of the Nazis, Rudolf was dismissed from his post at the Berlin State Museum for his political activities and later imprisoned. The very day Rudolf was released from prison, the couple left Germany for Barcelona. In that city, they moved in with their anarchist friends Dora and Helmut R\u00fcdiger, who had a flat in c\/Rossell\u00f3.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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David Oliver<\/h3>\n
David Oliver was born in 1880 in the Polish region of Galitzia. As a young man he emigrated to Germany in search of new opportunities. He moved to Berlin where he worked as a film producer and, later, in the real estate business, he built theatres and cinemas all over the country. Oliver arrived in Barcelona in the spring of 1933 and in September of that same year, together with the Jewish refugee Kurt-Louis Flatau and the Catalan Mari\u00e0 Rubi\u00f3 Tudur\u00ed, founded the film production company Iberian Films<\/em>. This firm employed many Jewish refugees in Barcelona: the 1934 film, Do\u00f1a Francisquita<\/em>, was directed by Hans Behrendt and the cinematographer Heinrich G\u00e4rtner, (known in Spain as Enrique Guerner), the composer Max Winterfeld, and the decorator Herbert Lippschitz.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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Charlotte Margolin<\/h3>\n
Charlotte Margolin was born in Berlin in 1896 into an assimilated Jewish family. She studied at the prestigious medical faculty of the University of Berlin, the Medizinische Universit\u00e4tsklinik der Charit\u00e9. In 1923 she published an important study on the nervous system. In the late 1920s she joined the KPD-O, a group which had broken away from the German Communist Party. In the spring of 1933 she lost her job at the faculty and was forced into exile. She moved to Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhere she frequented the circle of Jewish left-wing refugees; she became friends with Ewald and Ella K\u00f6nig, the \u00e9migr\u00e9s Augusta Marx and Eva Sittig-Laufer and the married couple Max and Golda Friedemann.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/6)
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Werner Wolff<\/h3>\n
Werner Wolff was born in Berlin in 1904 into a fully assimilated Jewish family. Son of a doctor, he studied medicine at the University of Berlin under the most important representatives of Gestalt psychology, Max Wertheimer, William Stern and Wolfgang K\u00f6hler.<\/p>\n
In the summer of 1933, after a brief stay in Tenerife on leaving Nazi Germany, Wolff was invited to give a lecture in Barcelona by Emili Mira, director of the Catalan governments\u2019 Psychiatric Technical Institute. Wolff took advantage of his stay in the city to carry out some experiments in characterology. Other Jewish refugees who arrived in Barcelona to work with Mira included Sandor Eiminder and Alfred Strauss.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/2)
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Manuel Mendelsohn<\/h3>\n
The Pole Manuel Mendelsohn arrived in Barcelona in the late 1920s. His uncle ran a lace shop near Pla\u00e7a Urquinaona. Later, his brother Mauricio and other relatives also settled in Barcelona. The two brothers set up their own textile business, the Casa Mendelsohn, at c\/Tamarit 169, directly opposite Sant Antoni market. Many of the Jewish immigrants who came to Barcelona in these years found work in the clothing industry. In c\/Sant Pau alone there were some twenty Jewish-run shops.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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(1\/8)
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1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_font=\u00bbOswald||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_font_size=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb90%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|-40px|||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb inline_fonts=\u00bbFlamenco,Oswald\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbLUIS STERN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbstern\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#59381b\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Luis Stern Selig<\/h3>\n
Luis Stern Selig (Mannheim, Germany, 1899 – Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1980) carried out important humanitarian work during the war by providing aid for Jews who arrived in Catalonia. He cooperated with escape networks responsible for moving Jews from the south of France to the Iberian Peninsula. Those who came to Catalonia clandestinely were sheltered in his flat in Barcelona or at his house in Valldoreix, and he also organized care for the internees at Spanish prisons and concentration camps.<\/p>\n
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(Touch the image)
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(Click on image)
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The Sequerra brothers, protectors of Jews in Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\nAs more and more Jews came to Catalonia, the Jewish welfare organization the American Joint Distribution Committee sent a representative to Barcelona in late 1941. This was Samuel Sequerra (Faro, 1913 – Rio \u200b\u200bde Janeiro, 1992), who was later joined by his brother Joel. The Sequerra brothers were based at the Hotel Bristol. They controlled the entry of Jews from France and Andorra, negotiated with the civil governors to avoid the imprisonment of the refugees, and provided medical and economic assistance to those gathered in Barcelona. The Francoist sectors closest to Nazi Germany did their best to stop them: the brothers\u2019 car came under attack and a group of Falangists stormed their premises, forcing them to move their office to a house in Passeig de Gr\u00e0cia.<\/p>\n
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Bernard Hilda and \u201cthe Grill\u201d at the Ritz<\/strong><\/h3>\nThe Ritz was the most luxurious hotel in Barcelona. It was the natural venue for high society events and was the place where the most distinguished visitors would stay. On the ground floor there was a space for dinners and concerts, named the \u201cParrilla del Ritz\u201d, or the \u201cGrill\u201d. On December 3, 1942, the Bernard Hilda Orchestra made its debut there. Hilda (1914 – 2005), whose real name was Bernart Levitzky, was a French conductor of Jewish origin who had fled France in November 1942 along with his wife and some members of his orchestra. The group performed at the Ritz and other venues in the city, accompanied by local musicians. Among the Falangists, black marketeers, businessmen, spies and smugglers, Hilda\u2019s music was a reference point of the life of the in those dark years.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_audio audio=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelona-jewish-shelter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/01\/oh-la-la-remastered.mp3″ title=\u00bbOh, La, La!\u00bb artist_name=\u00bbBernard Hilda\u00bb album_name=\u00bbN\u00ba 1 del Pop Espa\u00f1ol 1943 \u2117 2015 Music Publisher: SGAE \u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ title_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ caption_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_audio][et_pb_button button_url=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L3UGaGUpWXU\u00bb button_text=\u00bbWatch on YouTube\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge)
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Victor Papo<\/h3>\n
The ancestors of Victor Papo (Milan, 1927) were Sephardic Jews who had settled in Turkey. They later moved to Italy, and then Paris, where they ran a hotel. There they were surprised by the outbreak of the Second World War. Thanks to a \u201cletter of protection\u201d from the Spanish consul, Victor, his parents, and his brother Alfredo escaped from France and managed to reach Barcelona in September 1941, where they settled. Alfredo becomes a renowned jazz promoter and critic, while Victor pursued a career as an engineer.<\/p>\n
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Ossip Bernstein<\/h3>\n
Ossip Bernstein (1882 – 1962) was a doctor in law and businessman, who escaped death in an Odessa prison at the midst of the Russian Revolution by winning a life-or-death chess game against his jailer. At that time Bernstein was considered one of the ten best chess players in the world. The outbreak of the Second World War found Bernstein in Paris. He decided to flee France with his wife, and was arrested in the Catalan Pyrenees and imprisoned in Figueres. Because of his status as an international chess master, Bernstein was protected by the governor of Barcelona, Antonio F. Correa Veglison, himself a chess lover. Bernstein continued to give lectures in Barcelona and participated in chess tournaments until he decided to return to France years after the end of the war.<\/p>\n
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Henri Birnbaum<\/h3>\n
Henri Birnbaum (Berlin, 1921 – Barcelona, 2004) was living in Paris with his family when the city fell to the Nazis. He decided to try to join the Allied army in North Africa. He moved to the south of France where, in September 1942, he was detained and taken to the concentration camp in Agde, where he managed to escape and move to Spain. He was captured near Tavascan in the Pallars Sobir\u00e0, imprisoned in Sort and Lleida, and then sent to the concentration camp of Miranda de Ebro until his release in June 1943. From there he moved on to Casablanca where he enlisted in the Allied army. After demobilization returned to France, but some years later he decided to move to Barcelona where his sister Nina was living. He founded \u201cJudo Barcelona\u201d, the first judo club in Barcelona, and is considered the introducer of the sport in Spain.<\/p>\n
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(Toca la imatge)
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(Toca la imatge)
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<\/em><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1260,1261″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb24%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbagraiments\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/h3>\nArchivo General de la Administraci\u00f3n (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Consulado General de Marsella) \/ Arxiu Comarcal de l\u2019Alt Empord\u00e0, Arxiu de la Comunitat Israelita de Barcelona (CIB) \/ Arxiu del Consolat General de Su\u00efssa en Barcelona \/ Arxiu Fotogr\u00e0fic de Barcelona \/ Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya \/ Biblioteca Nacional de Espa\u00f1a \/ Das Bundesarchiv Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron \/ Centro Documental de la Memoria Historica \/ Gallica – BnF \/ Hemeroteca de La Vanguardia \/ Israel State Archives \/ JDC \/ Life Magazine, National Gallery of Australia \/ Yad Vashem<\/p>\n
PERSONAL ARCHIVES<\/b><\/h3>\n
Mendelsohn Family \/ Palomo\u00a0Family \/ Haim Avni \/ Victor Papo \/ Henri Birnbaum
<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbcredits\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\nJosep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bblogos\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb2″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Production<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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Production<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Production<\/h3>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
cooperation
<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
cooperation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
collaboration<\/strong><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Support<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
Support<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
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\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb min_height=\u00bb189px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Support<\/h3>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbcontacte\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb40px||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb1″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ width=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb height=\u00bb10%\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Contact<\/h3>\n
c\/ Melcior de Palau, 140, Barcelona
<\/span>observatori.memories@ub.edu
<\/a>View on our map<\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbxarxes i codi\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb1″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ width=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb height=\u00bb10%\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n
\u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbMerriweather||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n
(Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/7) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb911,907,910,906,908,905,909″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbMETZGER\u00bb module_id=\u00bbmetzger\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(168,156,122,0.78)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n The Metzger brothers were young Swiss Jews who arrived in Barcelona in the early years of the twentieth century. For the first few years they worked as salesmen, but they soon became influential manufacturers, patenting a myriad of inventions and setting up their own factory in the Sant Mart\u00ed neighbourhood, called Tallers Weil S.A. In a short time they earned the respect of Spanish industry; they became suppliers of the army and the royal household and opened offices in Madrid and Bilbao. The Metzgers frequented the most select circles in Barcelona: dances at the Hotel Orient, drinks parties at the Majestic-Hotel Anglaterra, and dinners at the Maison Dor\u00e9e, and they took part in tennis matches at the courts of the Royal Association of Barcelona and in equestrian competitions.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/8) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1217,914,915,917,918,1284,1285,919″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria METZGER\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb filter_sepia=\u00bb25%\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbPALOMO\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(71,68,57,0.77)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Jos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s, born in Bursa (in the former Ottoman Empire) settled in Barcelona in late 1923 when, like many of his countrymen, he left his hometown to avoid compulsory military service. In Barcelona he worked as a travelling salesman in the towns of inland Catalonia. During the summer of 1936, at the height of revolutionary fervour, the Palomo family business was collectivized by the Militia Committee. A year and a half after the end of the war, on the night of December 20, 1940, Jos\u00e9 Palomo was detained by two police officers and sent to the Modelo prison, and was later transferred to the concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro, Burgos. In the three years of his imprisonment, he was not tried in court or charged with any crime.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/9) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb929,926,927,928,930,931,932,933,935″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria PALOMO\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbESQUINAZI\u00bb module_id=\u00bbesquenazi\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(114,115,93,0.85)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n In October 1914 the Esquenazi family (Jos\u00e9, Elisa and their son Jaime) arrived in a rapidly expanding Barcelona from their hometown of Istanbul. Jos\u00e9 Esquenazi combined his profession as a tailor with work as a door-to-door salesperson, but found it hard to make ends meet; in January 1917, besieged by debt, he was saved by a loan from the American Joint Distribution Committee, a US charity for European Jews. Alarmed by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its possible effects, the Spanish authorities turned on many foreign residents and accused them of being Bolsheviks. Faced with the danger of a completely arbitrary expulsion, in 1918 Jos\u00e9 took the unusual step of christening his son Vidal Jaime Esquenazi Alfandari, in accordance with the rites of the Catholic Church.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/6) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb938,941,939,940,943,944″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbAHIM\u00bb module_id=\u00bbahim\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(168,156,122,0.78)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#403f33″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#403f33″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n In 1926, \u200b\u200bthe Agudad A\u1e25im Fraternal Union was created in the Sant Antoni neighbourhood of Barcelona. The vast majority of its members were Sephardim from the Ottoman Empire, who had come to the city from France during the First World War. They were street vendors and small traders in the Sant Antoni Market, and lived in the triangle formed by the intersections of Raval, Poble Sec (the majority) and Sant Antoni.<\/p>\n The fall of Barcelona \u200b\u200bin January 1939 brought the Agudad Ahim union to an end. Its premises were closed, its archives were searched, and its members were investigated and prosecuted; in fact, most of them went into exile.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Touch the image) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#403f33″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (Click on image) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb934″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbComunitat Israelita a Barcelona\u00bb module_id=\u00bbcomunidad\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(71,68,57,0.77)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n On May 6, 1919, almost two months before the end of the First World War, the statutes of the Israelite Community of Barcelona (CIB) were passed. The 17 founding members rented the ground floor of a house at c\/Proven\u00e7a 250 for use as a synagogue.<\/p>\n The community expanded with the arrival of Jews from the Mediterranean Levant, driven by the economic crisis and the proliferation of nationalist movements. By 1925 the city\u2019s Jewish population was estimated at around one thousand people, a figure which doubled three years later. In 1933, with the rise to power of Nazism in Germany \u200b\u200ba large contingent of Ashkenazi Jews moved to Barcelona. The city had managed to resist the effects of the economic crisis of 1929 and offered a range of opportunities for the large colony of Jewish refugees. Even so, many of the newcomers lived in poverty.<\/p>\n The end of the Civil War in April 1939 created a new scenario in which the values \u200b\u200bof the Franco regime were enforced mercilessly. The synagogue and the community centre in c\/Proven\u00e7a were looted and closed. The CIB\u2019s president Edmundo Grunebaum was detained and interned because of his position as a leading freemason. The community\u2019s documents were confiscated and sent to the Archive of Salamanca.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Touch the image) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (Click on image) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb548″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bb1914-1929″ module_id=\u00bb1933″ module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#400d01″ background_image=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelonarefugijueu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2019\/12\/1933_1936_Mendelsohn-5.jpg\u00bb background_position=\u00bbbottom_center\u00bb background_blend=\u00bbhard-light\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(255,255,255,0.63)\u00bb module_alignment=\u00bbright\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n After Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n After Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, fleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_font=\u00bbOswald||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#000000″ header_font_size=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb90%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|-40px|||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb inline_fonts=\u00bbFlamenco,Oswald\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n After Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, hundreds of Ashkenazi Jewish families settled in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bfleeing the persecution unleashed by the Third Reich. Many were liberal professionals or business people. Their lives were torn apart by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the end of the conflict, some suffered reprisals and others, out of fear, decided to convert to Catholicism.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbMichaelis\u00bb module_id=\u00bbmichaelis\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#9e3f37″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Margaret Michaelis was born in Dzieditz (Poland) on April 6, 1902. At the age of sixteen she entered the renowned Graphik Institute in Vienna, where she studied photography. In 1928 she settled in Berlin, where three years later she opened her own studio, the Foto-gross Studio, which remained active until the Nazi Party came to power. In those turbulent times, Margaret met Rudolf Michaelis, an anarchist and archaeologist. A victim of the first political purges of the Nazis, Rudolf was dismissed from his post at the Berlin State Museum for his political activities and later imprisoned. The very day Rudolf was released from prison, the couple left Germany for Barcelona. In that city, they moved in with their anarchist friends Dora and Helmut R\u00fcdiger, who had a flat in c\/Rossell\u00f3.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/7) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb993,987,988,989,990,991,992″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbOLIVER\u00bb module_id=\u00bboliver\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(186,36,26,0.89)\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n David Oliver was born in 1880 in the Polish region of Galitzia. As a young man he emigrated to Germany in search of new opportunities. He moved to Berlin where he worked as a film producer and, later, in the real estate business, he built theatres and cinemas all over the country. Oliver arrived in Barcelona in the spring of 1933 and in September of that same year, together with the Jewish refugee Kurt-Louis Flatau and the Catalan Mari\u00e0 Rubi\u00f3 Tudur\u00ed, founded the film production company Iberian Films<\/em>. This firm employed many Jewish refugees in Barcelona: the 1934 film, Do\u00f1a Francisquita<\/em>, was directed by Hans Behrendt and the cinematographer Heinrich G\u00e4rtner, (known in Spain as Enrique Guerner), the composer Max Winterfeld, and the decorator Herbert Lippschitz.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/12) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1015,1001,1002,1016,1004,1009,1003,1005,1000,1008,1013,1007″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_video src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qxm4VupVoJg&feature=youtu.be\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ border_width_all=\u00bb7px\u00bb border_color_all=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbMARGOLIN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbmargolin\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#992727″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Charlotte Margolin was born in Berlin in 1896 into an assimilated Jewish family. She studied at the prestigious medical faculty of the University of Berlin, the Medizinische Universit\u00e4tsklinik der Charit\u00e9. In 1923 she published an important study on the nervous system. In the late 1920s she joined the KPD-O, a group which had broken away from the German Communist Party. In the spring of 1933 she lost her job at the faculty and was forced into exile. She moved to Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhere she frequented the circle of Jewish left-wing refugees; she became friends with Ewald and Ella K\u00f6nig, the \u00e9migr\u00e9s Augusta Marx and Eva Sittig-Laufer and the married couple Max and Golda Friedemann.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/6) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbWOLFF\u00bb module_id=\u00bbwolff\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#672821″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Werner Wolff was born in Berlin in 1904 into a fully assimilated Jewish family. Son of a doctor, he studied medicine at the University of Berlin under the most important representatives of Gestalt psychology, Max Wertheimer, William Stern and Wolfgang K\u00f6hler.<\/p>\n In the summer of 1933, after a brief stay in Tenerife on leaving Nazi Germany, Wolff was invited to give a lecture in Barcelona by Emili Mira, director of the Catalan governments\u2019 Psychiatric Technical Institute. Wolff took advantage of his stay in the city to carry out some experiments in characterology. Other Jewish refugees who arrived in Barcelona to work with Mira included Sandor Eiminder and Alfred Strauss.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/2) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1027,1028″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb10%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbMENDELSOHN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbmendelsohn\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#7f2720″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n The Pole Manuel Mendelsohn arrived in Barcelona in the late 1920s. His uncle ran a lace shop near Pla\u00e7a Urquinaona. Later, his brother Mauricio and other relatives also settled in Barcelona. The two brothers set up their own textile business, the Casa Mendelsohn, at c\/Tamarit 169, directly opposite Sant Antoni market. Many of the Jewish immigrants who came to Barcelona in these years found work in the clothing industry. In c\/Sant Pau alone there were some twenty Jewish-run shops.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#ffffff\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/8) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1048,1041,1042,1043,1044,1046,1045,1047″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bb1914-1929″ module_id=\u00bb1939″ module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#8c8880″ background_image=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelonarefugijueu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2019\/12\/Bernstein2-2.png\u00bb background_position=\u00bbtop_center\u00bb background_blend=\u00bboverlay\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bbrgba(56,51,42,0.67)\u00bb module_alignment=\u00bbright\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n With the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n With the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_font=\u00bbOswald||||||||\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_font_size=\u00bb80px\u00bb header_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb90%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|-40px|||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_font_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_phone=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb60px\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb40px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb inline_fonts=\u00bbFlamenco,Oswald\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n With the outbreak of the Second World War and the occupation of most European countries by the Nazis, the machinery of extermination was gradually set into action. Thousands of Jewish families sought to escape to countries that had not entered the conflict. Spain and Portugal were the destination of thousands of people who crossed the Pyrenees aided by clandestine networks. In Barcelona, around 10,000 people gathered before being allowed to emigrate to America, North Africa, Britain or the British protectorate of Palestine.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbLUIS STERN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbstern\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#59381b\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Luis Stern Selig (Mannheim, Germany, 1899 – Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1980) carried out important humanitarian work during the war by providing aid for Jews who arrived in Catalonia. He cooperated with escape networks responsible for moving Jews from the south of France to the Iberian Peninsula. Those who came to Catalonia clandestinely were sheltered in his flat in Barcelona or at his house in Valldoreix, and he also organized care for the internees at Spanish prisons and concentration camps.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Touch the image) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#d9ccc1″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (Click on image) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.27.4″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb gallery_ids=\u00bb2787″ hover_enabled=\u00bb0″ sticky_enabled=\u00bb0″][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1056″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb filter_sepia=\u00bb18%\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbGERMANS SEQUERRA\u00bb module_id=\u00bbsequerra\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#73553c\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n As more and more Jews came to Catalonia, the Jewish welfare organization the American Joint Distribution Committee sent a representative to Barcelona in late 1941. This was Samuel Sequerra (Faro, 1913 – Rio \u200b\u200bde Janeiro, 1992), who was later joined by his brother Joel. The Sequerra brothers were based at the Hotel Bristol. They controlled the entry of Jews from France and Andorra, negotiated with the civil governors to avoid the imprisonment of the refugees, and provided medical and economic assistance to those gathered in Barcelona. The Francoist sectors closest to Nazi Germany did their best to stop them: the brothers\u2019 car came under attack and a group of Falangists stormed their premises, forcing them to move their office to a house in Passeig de Gr\u00e0cia.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2eeeb\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/3) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1059,1060,1921″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb24%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbBERNARD HILDA\u00bb module_id=\u00bbhilda\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#a68c76″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n The Ritz was the most luxurious hotel in Barcelona. It was the natural venue for high society events and was the place where the most distinguished visitors would stay. On the ground floor there was a space for dinners and concerts, named the \u201cParrilla del Ritz\u201d, or the \u201cGrill\u201d. On December 3, 1942, the Bernard Hilda Orchestra made its debut there. Hilda (1914 – 2005), whose real name was Bernart Levitzky, was a French conductor of Jewish origin who had fled France in November 1942 along with his wife and some members of his orchestra. The group performed at the Ritz and other venues in the city, accompanied by local musicians. Among the Falangists, black marketeers, businessmen, spies and smugglers, Hilda\u2019s music was a reference point of the life of the in those dark years.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_audio audio=\u00bbhttps:\/\/europeanmemories.net\/barcelona-jewish-shelter\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2020\/01\/oh-la-la-remastered.mp3″ title=\u00bbOh, La, La!\u00bb artist_name=\u00bbBernard Hilda\u00bb album_name=\u00bbN\u00ba 1 del Pop Espa\u00f1ol 1943 \u2117 2015 Music Publisher: SGAE \u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ title_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ caption_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ background_enable_color=\u00bboff\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_audio][et_pb_button button_url=\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L3UGaGUpWXU\u00bb button_text=\u00bbWatch on YouTube\u00bb button_alignment=\u00bbcenter\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/3) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1063,1922,1923″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb filter_hue_rotate=\u00bb354deg\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbPAPO\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpapo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#59381b\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n The ancestors of Victor Papo (Milan, 1927) were Sephardic Jews who had settled in Turkey. They later moved to Italy, and then Paris, where they ran a hotel. There they were surprised by the outbreak of the Second World War. Thanks to a \u201cletter of protection\u201d from the Spanish consul, Victor, his parents, and his brother Alfredo escaped from France and managed to reach Barcelona in September 1941, where they settled. Alfredo becomes a renowned jazz promoter and critic, while Victor pursued a career as an engineer.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Touch the image) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2eeeb\u00bb text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (Click on image) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1553″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbOSSIP BERNSTEIN\u00bb module_id=\u00bbbernstein\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#73553c\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Ossip Bernstein (1882 – 1962) was a doctor in law and businessman, who escaped death in an Odessa prison at the midst of the Russian Revolution by winning a life-or-death chess game against his jailer. At that time Bernstein was considered one of the ten best chess players in the world. The outbreak of the Second World War found Bernstein in Paris. He decided to flee France with his wife, and was arrested in the Catalan Pyrenees and imprisoned in Figueres. Because of his status as an international chess master, Bernstein was protected by the governor of Barcelona, Antonio F. Correa Veglison, himself a chess lover. Bernstein continued to give lectures in Barcelona and participated in chess tournaments until he decided to return to France years after the end of the war.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#d9d0c7″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/3) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1257,1069,1258″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria ESQUENAZI\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb15%\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbBIRNBAUM\u00bb module_id=\u00bbbirnbaum\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#a68c76″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Henri Birnbaum (Berlin, 1921 – Barcelona, 2004) was living in Paris with his family when the city fell to the Nazis. He decided to try to join the Allied army in North Africa. He moved to the south of France where, in September 1942, he was detained and taken to the concentration camp in Agde, where he managed to escape and move to Spain. He was captured near Tavascan in the Pallars Sobir\u00e0, imprisoned in Sort and Lleida, and then sent to the concentration camp of Miranda de Ebro until his release in June 1943. From there he moved on to Casablanca where he enlisted in the Allied army. After demobilization returned to France, but some years later he decided to move to Barcelona where his sister Nina was living. He founded \u201cJudo Barcelona\u201d, the first judo club in Barcelona, and is considered the introducer of the sport in Spain.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n (Toca la imatge) \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb13px\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb||4px||false|false\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n (1\/2) [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\u00bb1260,1261″ fullwidth=\u00bbon\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbgaleria Bensussan\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb child_filter_sepia=\u00bb24%\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbagraiments\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Archivo General de la Administraci\u00f3n (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Consulado General de Marsella) \/ Arxiu Comarcal de l\u2019Alt Empord\u00e0, Arxiu de la Comunitat Israelita de Barcelona (CIB) \/ Arxiu del Consolat General de Su\u00efssa en Barcelona \/ Arxiu Fotogr\u00e0fic de Barcelona \/ Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya \/ Biblioteca Nacional de Espa\u00f1a \/ Das Bundesarchiv Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron \/ Centro Documental de la Memoria Historica \/ Gallica – BnF \/ Hemeroteca de La Vanguardia \/ Israel State Archives \/ JDC \/ Life Magazine, National Gallery of Australia \/ Yad Vashem<\/p>\n Mendelsohn Family \/ Palomo\u00a0Family \/ Haim Avni \/ Victor Papo \/ Henri Birnbaum <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbcredits\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n Josep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n Josep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n Josep Calvet and Manu Valentin<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n <\/span>Carles Mestre<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bblogos\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb2″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ width_tablet=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb80%\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|||\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n \n \n \n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n \n \n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n \n \n\u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n \n\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb admin_label=\u00bbTittle\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbOswald||||\u00bb link_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ul_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb ol_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb quote_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_font=\u00bb||||||||\u00bb header_2_font=\u00bbMontserrat|800||on|||||\u00bb header_2_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_2_text_color=\u00bb#c5c5c5″ header_2_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_2_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb background_layout=\u00bbdark\u00bb min_height=\u00bb189px\u00bb custom_margin=\u00bb|10px||20px|false|false\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbcontacte\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb40px||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00bb1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb1″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ width=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb height=\u00bb10%\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbNunito||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb text_line_height=\u00bb1.8em\u00bb header_3_font=\u00bbOswald|||on|||||\u00bb header_3_text_align=\u00bbleft\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ header_3_font_size=\u00bb42px\u00bb header_3_letter_spacing=\u00bb2px\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00bb1.5em\u00bb text_orientation=\u00bbjustified\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb||0px|||\u00bb text_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb text_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb text_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00bb35px\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb header_3_line_height_tablet=\u00bb\u00bb header_3_line_height_phone=\u00bb1.2em\u00bb header_3_line_height_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n c\/ Melcior de Palau, 140, Barcelona [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00bbxarxes i codi\u00bb module_id=\u00bbpalomo\u00bb module_class=\u00bbsection\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ custom_padding=\u00bb||||false|false\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\u00bbon\u00bb gutter_width=\u00bb1″ make_equal=\u00bbon\u00bb module_class=\u00bb et_pb_row_fullwidth\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ background_color=\u00bb#000000″ width=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00bbon|desktop\u00bb max_width=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00bb100%\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00bb\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00bbon|phone\u00bb height=\u00bb10%\u00bb custom_padding=\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px\u00bb locked=\u00bboff\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″ module_class=\u00bbds-vertical-align\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00bb<\/p>\n \u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n \u00bb content_phone=\u00bb<\/p>\n \u00a9 European Observatory on Memories<\/strong> <\/span>2020<\/p>\n \u00bb content_last_edited=\u00bboff|desktop\u00bb _builder_version=\u00bb4.16″ text_font=\u00bbMerriweather||||||||\u00bb text_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size=\u00bb18px\u00bb header_text_color=\u00bb#f2ecd8″ text_font_size_tablet=\u00bb16px\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00bb14px\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00bbon|tablet\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00bb{}\u00bb]<\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nJOS\u00c9 AND EDMUNDO METZGER<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nJos\u00e9 Palomo Sagu\u00e9s<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nThe Esquenazi family<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nAgudad Ahim<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nThe Israelite Community of Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\n
<\/strong><\/h1>\n
1933-1936<\/strong><\/h1>\n
Margaret Michaelis<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nDavid Oliver<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nCharlotte Margolin<\/h3>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nWerner Wolff<\/h3>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nManuel Mendelsohn<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\n
1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\n
1939-1945<\/strong><\/h1>\n
Luis Stern Selig<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nThe Sequerra brothers, protectors of Jews in Barcelona<\/strong><\/h3>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nBernard Hilda and \u201cthe Grill\u201d at the Ritz<\/strong><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nVictor Papo<\/h3>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nOssip Bernstein<\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/em><\/p>\nHenri Birnbaum<\/h3>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em><\/p>\nAcknowledgements<\/strong><\/h3>\n
PERSONAL ARCHIVES<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/p>\nR<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\n
R<\/b>esearch and texts<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n
Graphic and web design<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n
Production<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\nProduction<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\nProduction<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\ncooperation
<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\ncooperation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\ncollaboration<\/strong><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\nSupport<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p>\nSupport<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p>\nSupport<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\nContact<\/h3>\n
<\/span>observatori.memories@ub.edu
<\/a>View on our map<\/a><\/p>\n